AquaNISInformation system on aquatic non-indigenous and cryptogenic species |
Species | Codium fragile subsp. fragile [WoRMS] | |
Authority | (Suringar) Hariot, 1889 | |
Family | Codiaceae | |
Order | Bryopsidales | |
Class | Ulvophyceae | |
Phylum | Chlorophyta | |
Synonym (?) | Codium fragile capense (Silva PC, 1959) Codium fragile tomentosoides (van Goor) (Silva PC, 1955) References (not structured): Gagnon, K, McKindsey CW Johnson LE (2011) Dispersal potential of invasive algae: the determinants of buoyancy in Codium fragile ssp. fragile. Marine Biology 158:2449–2458 Bégin C, Scheibling RE(2004) Growth and Survival of the Invasive Green Alga Codium fragile ssp.tomentosoides in Tide pools on a Rocky Shore in Nova Scotia. Botanica Marina Vol. 46, pp. 404–412 Tsiamis K, Panayotidis P (2007)Occurrence of Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C. Silva (Chlorophyta: Bryopsidophyceae: Bryopsidales: Codiaceae) in Greece. Aquatic Invasions. Volume 2, Issue 1: 74-76 Comments: According to Worms (World Register of Marine Species) the correct name for this subspecies is Codium fragile fragile. On literature it's more common as Codium fragile tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C.Silva, 1955 but can be also named as Codium fragile fragile as it is in the recent paper of Gagnon et al.(2011) |
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Sub-species level (?) | tomentosoides |
Native origin (?) | Country: Japan References (not structured): Silva PC (1955) The dichotomous species of Codium in Britain. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 34, 565–577. |
Life form / Life stage (?) |
References (not structured): Trowbridge CD (1998) Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 36:1–64 Churchill AC, Moeller HW (1972) Seasonal patterns of reproduction in New York populations of Codium fragile (sur.) Hariot subsp. tomentosoides (van goor Silva). J Phycol 8(2):147 Prince JS, Trowbridge C.D. (2004). Reproduction in the green macroalga Codium (Chlorophyta): characterization of gametes. Bot Mar 47(6):461–470. doi:10.1515/BOT.2004.062 Comments: The articles referenced here are not available. |
Sociability / Life stage (?) |
References (not structured): Trowbridge CD (1998) Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 36:1–64 Comments: Sexual reproduction has not been observed, the alga reproduces parthenogenetically, with the ability to survive even if there is just on individual present. |
Reproductive frequency (?) | Iteroparous Comments: No data founded proving this affirmation but is understandable that this species is not semelparous. Also able to propagate vegetatively. |
Reproductive type (?) | Asexual References: Trowbridge CD (1998) Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 36:1–64 Churchill AC, Moeller HW (1972) Seasonal patterns of reproduction in New York populations of Codium fragile (sur.) Hariot subsp. tomentosoides (van goor Silva). J Phycol 8(2):147 Prince JS, Trowbridge CD (2004) Reproduction in the green macroalga Codium (Chlorophyta):characterization of gametes. Bot Mar 47(6):461–470. doi:10.1515/BOT.2004.062 Comments: Sexual reproduction has not been observed and the alga reproduces parthenogenetically, enhancing its ability to establish even when at low densities. |
Developmental trait (?) | Unknown References: Trowbridge CD (1998) Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 36:1–64 Churchill AC, Moeller HW (1972) Seasonal patterns of reproduction in New York populations of Codium fragile (sur.) Hariot subsp. tomentosoides (van goor Silva). J Phycol 8(2):147 Prince JS, Trowbridge CD (2004) Reproduction in the green macroalga Codium (Chlorophyta): characterization of gametes. Bot Mar 47(6):461–470.doi:10.1515/BOT.2004.062 Comments: Sexual reproduction has not been observed and the alga reproduces parthenogenetically, enhancing its ability to establish even when at low densities. It is also able to propagate vegetatively through fragments of the thallus, vegetative buds, single utricules and medullary filaments. These are likely to play a key role in long-distance dispersal. |
Characteristic feeding method / Life stage (?) |
References (not structured): Trowbridge CD (1998) Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 36:1–64 Churchill AC, Moeller HW (1972) Seasonal patterns of reproduction in New York populations of Codium fragile (sur.) Hariot subsp. tomentosoides (van goor Silva). J Phycol 8(2):147 Prince JS, Trowbridge CD (2004) Reproduction in the green macroalga Codium (Chlorophyta): characterization of gametes. Bot Mar 47(6):461–470.doi:10.1515/BOT.2004.062 Comments: Larvae data not available. |
Mobility / Life stage (?) |
References (not structured): Trowbridge CD (1998) Ecology of the green macroalga Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889: invasive and non-invasive subspecies. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 36:1–64 Bulleri, F. and Airoldi, L. (2005) Artificial marine structures facilitate the spread of a nonindigenous green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides , in the north Adriatic Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 1063–1072 Prince JS, Trowbridge CD (2004) Reproduction in the green macroalga Codium (Chlorophyta):characterization of gametes. Bot Mar 47(6):461–470. doi:10.1515/BOT.2004.062 Comments: Codium tormentosoides is able to settle on a variety of substrata, most adult thalli are directly attached to the rock. Juvenile thalli of Codium can also be attached on mussels shells. |
Salinity tolerance range (?) | Exact range: 17.5 - 40 References: Summerson, R., Darbyshire, R., & Lawrence, E. (2007). Invasive marine species range mapping. Australian Government, Bureau of Rural Sciences. |
Habitat modifying ability potential (?) | Autogenic ecosystem engineers References: Bulleri, F., & Airoldi, L. (2005). Artificial marine structures facilitate the spread of a non‐indigenous green alga, Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides, in the north Adriatic Sea. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(6), 1063-1072. Scheibling RE, Gagnon P (2006) Competitive interactions between the invasive green alga Codium fragile ssp. tomentosoides and native canopy-forming seaweeds in Nova Scotia (Canada). MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES. Vol. 325: 1–14 Tsiamis, K. and Panayotidis, P. (2007). Occurrence of Codium fragile subsp. tomentosoides (van Goor) P.C. Silva (Chlorophyta: Bryopsidophyceae: Bryopsidales: Codiaceae) in Greece. Aquatic Invasions. Volume 2, Issue 1: 74-76 Tsiamis, K., Montesanto, B., Panayotidis, P., Katsaros, C., & Verlaque, M. (2010). Updated records and range expansion of alien marine macrophytes in Greece (2009). Mediterranean Marine Science, 11(1), 61-80. Comments: Same authores afirm that this algae can be observed through all the year at certain dephts, depending on the study areas. Bulleri & Airoldi (2005) showed interactions with the native Mytilus galloprovincialis and dramatic consequences on native communities: it becomes dominant on the artificial rocky substrates that it colonized. Tsiamis et al (2010) observed effects on the fisheries. |
Toxicity / Life stage (?) | Not relevant Comments: Authors don't prove that this algae is poisonous or venomou, but can be harmfull for the human. It causes a nuisance to humans when it is swept ashore and rots. |
Bioaccumulation association (?) | Not entered |
Known human health impact? | Not entered |
Known economic impact? | Not entered |
Known measurable environmental impact? | Not entered |
Included in the Target Species list? | Not entered |
Association with vessel vectors (?) | Biofouling References: Coffin GW, Stickney AP (1967) Codium enters Maine waters. Fishery Bull. Fish Wildl. Serv.U.S. 66: 159–161. Gagnon K, McKindsey CW Johnson LE (2011) Dispersal potential of invasive algae: the determinants of buoyancy in Codium fragile ssp. fragile. Marine Biology 158:2449–2458 Comments: Easily gets attached to the hard and soft substrates. Vectores also related with oyster aquaculture and buoyancy skills (not so long distances, depending on oceanography of the region) |
Last update by | Aleksas Narščius, 2019-07-09 |