Association with vessel vectors

Actual evidence of being found in samples in a particular vector from any world region.

Anchor and anchor chains. Organisms found on anchors, anchor chain or within attached sediments, including anchor chain lockers.

Ballast water. Ballast water means water with its suspended matter taken on board a ship to control trim, list, draught, stability or stresses of the ship.

Biofouling. Biofouling means the accumulation of aquatic organisms such as micro-organisms, plants, and animals on surfaces and structures immersed in or exposed to the aquatic environment. Biofouling can include microfouling and macrofouling.

  • Macrofouling means large, distinct multicellular organisms visible to the human eye such as barnacles, tubeworms, or fronds of algae.
  • Microfouling means microscopic organisms including bacteria and diatoms and the slimy substances that they produce.
Biofouling comprised of only microfouling is commonly referred to as a slime layer.

Sea chest. The sea chests are cavities (an opening with protection grid) at the bottom side of the ships’ hull (an opening for pumping in and out water for, e.g., ballasting, firefighting) where aquatic organisms may settle and be transported.

Tank sediments. Matter settled out of ballast water within a ship.

Bioaccumulation association

Natural toxins. An organism that accumulates toxins naturally produced by other organisms, such as phytotoxins, in its tissues.

Anthropogenic chemical compounds. An organism that accumulates human-produced chemicals, such as pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, pesticides, dioxins, in its tissues.

Characteristic feeding method

Chemoautotroph. An organism that obtains metabolic energy by oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron.

Deposit feeder – Subsurface. Synonym: detritivore. An organism feeding on fragmented particulate organic matter in the substratum.

Deposit feeder – Surface. Synonym: detritivore. An organism feeding on fragmented particulate organic matter from the surface of the substratum.

Grazer. An organism feeding on plants (higher aquatic plants, benthic algae and phytoplankton) and/or sessile animals organisms.

Herbivore. An organism feeding on plants (higher aquatic plants, benthic algae and phytoplankton).

Mixotroph. An organism both autotrophic and heterotrophic.

Omnivore. An organism feeding on mixed diet of plant and animal material.

Parasite. Feeding on the tissues, blood or other substances of a host.

Photoautotroph. An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton).

Planktotroph. An organism feeding on plankton.

Predator. An organism that feeds by preying on other organisms, killing them for food.

Scavenger. An organism feeding on dead and decaying organic material.

Suspension feeder – Active. An organism feeding on particulate organic matter, including plankton, suspended in the water column, collecting it actively by sweeping or pumping (creating feeding currents).

Suspension feeder – Passive. An organism feeding on particulate organic matter, including plankton, suspended in the water column, utilizing the natural flow to bring particles in contact with feeding structures.

Symbiont contribution. Where some dietary component(s) are provided by symbiotic organisms (e.g. Anemonia with zooxanthellae).

Developmental trait

Brooding. The incubation of eggs either inside or outside the body. Eggs may be brooded to a variety of developmental stages. Males or females may be responsible for brooding.

Direct development. A life cycle lacking a larval stage.

Spawning. The release of gametes into the water.

Lecithotrophy. Development at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female.

Parental care. Any form of parental behaviour that is likely to increase the fitness of offspring.

Planktotrophy. Feeding on plankton.

Resting stages. The quiescent stage in the life cycle (dormancy, diapause).

Viviparous. Producing live offspring from within parental body.

Habitat modifying ability potential

Autogenic ecosystem engineers. Organisms which change the environment via their own physical structures (i.e. their living and dead tissues) such as corals, oysters, kelps, sea grasses, etc.

Allogenic ecosystem engineers. Organisms which modify the environment by causing physical state changes in biotic and abiotic materials that, directly or indirectly, modulate the availability of resources to other species (e.g. excavating deep burrows which other organisms co-occupy, damming the water flow, etc).

Keystone species. A keystone species is crucial in maintaining the organization and diversity of its ecological community, by determining the types and numbers of other species.

Life form

Neuston. Organisms that live on (epineuston) or under (hyponeuston) the surface film of water bodies.

Zoobenthos. Animals living on or in the seabed.

Phytobenthos. Algae and higher plants living on or in the seabed.

Zooplankton. Animals living in the water column, unable to maintain their position independent of water movements.

Phytoplankton. Microscopic plankton algae and cyanobacteria.

Benthopelagos. Synonyms: hyperbenthic, benthopelagic, nektobenthic, demersal. An organism living at, in or near the bottom of the sea, but having the ability to swim.

Nekton. Actively swimming aquatic organisms able to move independently of water currents.

Parasite. An organism intimately associated with and metabolically dependent on another living organism (host) for completion of its life cycle.

Symbiont (nonparasitic). An organism living mutually with another species without harming it. Association of two species (symbionts) may be mutually beneficial.

Mobility

Boring. An organism capable of penetrating a solid substrate by mechanical scraping or chemical dissolution.

Burrowing. An organism capable of digging in sediment.

Crawling. An organism moving slowly along on the substrate.

Drifting. An organism whose movement is dependent on wind or water currents.

Permanent attachment. Non-motile; permanently attached at the base. Also includes permanent attachment to a host.

Swimming. An organism capable of moving through the water by means of fins, limbs or appendages.

Temporary attachment. Temporary / sporadic attachment. Attached to a substratum but capable of movement across (or through) it (e.g. Actinia). Also includes temporary attachment to a host.

Native origin

The region the species originates from.

References



References should follow the standard of Biological invasions:


Journal article
Gamelin FX, Baquet G, Berthoin S, Thevenet D, Nourry C, Nottin S, Bosquet L (2009) Effect of high intensity intermittent training on heart rate variability in prepubescent children. Eur J Appl Physiol 105:731-738. doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0955-8
Ideally, the names of all authors should be provided, but the usage of “et al” in long author lists will also be accepted:
Smith J, Jones M Jr, Houghton L et al (1999) Future of health insurance. N Engl J Med 965:325–329


Article by DOI


Slifka MK, Whitton JL (2000) Clinical implications of dysregulated cytokine production. J Mol Med. doi:10.1007/s001090000086


Book
South J, Blass B (2001) The future of modern genomics. Blackwell, London


Book chapter
Brown B, Aaron M (2001) The politics of nature. In: Smith J (ed) The rise of modern genomics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 230-257


Online document
Cartwright J (2007) Big stars have weather too. IOP Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/11/6/16/1. Accessed 26 June 2007


Dissertation
Trent JW (1975) Experimental acute renal failure. Dissertation, University of California

Reproductive frequency

Iteroparous. Organisms breeding more than once in their lifetime.

Semelparous. Organisms breeding once in their lifetime.

Reproductive type

Asexual. Budding, Fission, Fragmentaion, including parthenogenesis. A form of asexual multiplication in which:
a) a new individual begins life as an outgrowth from the body of the parent. It may then separate to lead an independent existence or remain connected or otherwise associated to form a colonial organism;
b) the ovum develops into a new individual without fertilization;
c) division of the body into two or more parts each or all of which can grow into new individuals is involved.

Self-fertilization. Selfing or autogamy. The union of a male and female gamete produced by the same individual.

Sexual. Permanent hermaphrodite, Protandrous hermaphrodite, Protogynous hermaphrodite, Gonochoristic.
Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time. A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature or vice versa.
Having separate sexes.

Salinity

The exact salinity range if known (psu), else salinity zone(s) according to the Venice system:
1. Limnetic [<0.5psu]
2. β-Oligohaline [0.5-3psu]
3. α-Oligohaline [3-5psu]
4. β-Mesohaline [5-10psu]
5. α-Mesohaline [10-18psu]
6. Polymixohaline [18-30psu]
7. Euhaline [30-40psu]
8. Hypersaline [>40psu]

Sociability

Colonial. Descriptive of organisms produced asexually which remain associated with each other; in many animals, retaining tissue contact with other polyps or zooids as a result of incomplete budding.

Gregarious. Organisms living in groups or communities, growing in clusters.

Solitary. Living alone, not gregarious.

Sub-species level

A geographical subset of a species showing discrete differences in morphology, coloration or other features when compared with other members of the species. Subspecies may also differ in their habitat or behavior, but they can interbreed. Often the lowest taxonomic level within a classification system.

Synonym

Valid synonyms of a species (not all of them).

Toxicity

Poisonous. An organism capable of producing poison that gains entry to another organism body via the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, or via absorption through intact body layers.

Venomous. An organism capable of producing poison, usually injected through another organism intact skin by bite or sting.

Not relevant. Neither poisonous nor venomous.

Public domain: Species account

Species Caulerpa webbiana

References:
Montagne (1838) De l'organization et du mode de reproduction des Caulerptes et en particulier de Caulerpa webbiana. Ann.Sci. Nat. 2. (tome IX).
Goldstein M, Morrall SMS, GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION IN CAULERPA Annals New york academy of sciences Volume 175, Issue 1, pages 660–672, July 1970
Authority Montagne, 1837

References (not structured):
Montagne (1838) De l'organization et du mode de reproduction des Caulerptes et en particulier de Caulerpa webbiana. Ann.Sci. Nat. 2. (tome IX)
Family Caulerpaceae  
Order Bryopsidales  
Class Ulvophyceae  
Phylum Chlorophyta  
Synonym (?) Chauvinia webbiana (Montagne) (Kützing, 1849)

References (not structured):
Wendy Guiry in Guiry, MD, Guiry GM (2011) AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; Accesed 23 November 2011
Sub-species level (?) Not known
Native origin (?) Ocean: Atlantic
--> Ocean region: E Tropical Atlantic
--> Ocean region: SE Atlantic
--> Ocean region: SW Atlantic
--> Ocean region: W Tropical Atlantic
Ocean: Indian
--> Ocean region: E Indian Ocean
--> Ocean region: W Indian Ocean
Ocean: Pacific
--> Ocean region: C Tropical Pacific
--> Ocean region: E Tropical Pacific
--> Ocean region: SE Pacific
--> Ocean region: SW Pacific
--> Ocean region: W Tropical Pacific

References (not structured):
Montagne (1838) De l'organization et du mode de reproduction des Caulerptes et en particulier de Caulerpa webbiana. Ann.Sci. Nat. 2. (tome IX)
Cardigos F, Tempera F, Ávila S, Gonçalves J, Colaço A and Santos RS (2006) Non-indigenous marine species of the Azores. Helgoland Marine Research 60: 160-169
Amat, Jaen Nieto Frederico Cardigos, Ricardo Serrão Santos (2008) The recent northern introduction of the seaweed Caulerpa webbiana (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in Faial, Azores Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic). Aquatic Invasions (2008) Volume 3, Issue 4: 417-422

Comments:
C. webbiana is a pan-tropical species. The northern and southernmost limits of occurrence, which regards Madeira and New Zeeland respectively (Amat et al. 2008). Including Canary islands, Tropical Atlantic, Hawaii.
NE Atlantic Ocean since 2002; C. webbiana was only recently registered northern to this previous limit (Madeira) in 2002, near Horta’s harbour, Faial (Cardigos et al. 2006).
C. webbiana does not seem to be an invasive species elsewhere in the world (Amat et al. 2008).
Life form / Life stage (?)
 AdultJuvenileLarvaeEggsResting stage
Neuston
Zoobenthos
PhytobenthosXX
Zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Benthopelagos
Nekton
Ectoparasite
Endoparasite
Symbiont (non parasitic)


References (not structured):
Goldstein M, Morrall SMS, GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION IN CAULERPA Annals New york academy of sciences Volume 175, Issue 1, pages 660–672, July 1970

Comments:
The genus Caulerpa has a life cycle in which the vegetative phase is diploid and undergoes meiosis and mitosis in the formation of haploid biflagellate gametes. The species may be dioecious or monoecious, producing anisogamous gametes that undergo fusion to form a diploid thick-walled zygote. The fate of the zygote is unknown and the only other means of reproduction is by fragmentation of the vegetative plant (Goldstein & Morrall, 1970)
Sociability / Life stage (?)
 AdultJuvenileLarvaeEggsResting stage
Solitary
GregariousXX
Colonial


References (not structured):
Amat, Jaen Nieto; Frederico Cardigos and Ricardo Serrão Santos (2008) The recent northern introduction of the seaweed Caulerpa webbiana (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in Faial, Azores Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic). Aquatic Invasions (2008)
Menez, Ernani G., and Hilconida P. Calumpong. The Genus Caulerpa from Central Visayas, Philippines. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 17, 21 pages, 2 figures, 3 plates, 1982
Goldstein M, Morrall SMS, GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION IN CAULERPA Annals New york academy of sciences Volume 175, Issue 1, pages 660–672, July 1970
Reproductive frequency (?) Iteroparous

References (not structured):
Goldstein M, Morrall SMS, GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION IN CAULERPA Annals New york academy of sciences Volume 175, Issue 1, pages 660–672, July 1970

Comments:
Sexual reproduction in the genus Caulerpa is seasonal, all species use in the study where induced to reproduce at most times of the year with the best sexual reaction occurring on the mornings during the period of full moon (Goldstein & Morrall, 1970).
Reproductive type (?) Asexual
Sexual

References:
Goldstein M, Morrall SMS, GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION IN CAULERPA Annals New york academy of sciences Volume 175, Issue 1, pages 660–672, July 1970

Comments:
The genus Caulerpa has a life cycle in which the vegetative phase is diploid and undergoes meiosis and mitosis in the formation of haploid biflagellate gametes. The species may be dioecious or monoecious, producing anisogamous gametes that undergo fusion to form a diploid thick-walled zygote. The fate of the zygote is unknown and the only other means of reproduction is by fragmentation of the vegetative plant (Goldstein & Morrall, 1970)

Goldstein & Morrall, 1970 concludes that in this species their is just a single diploid vegetative phase in the life history.
Developmental trait (?) Brooding
Direct development

References:
Goldstein M, Morrall SMS, GAMETOGENESIS AND FERTILIZATION IN CAULERPA Annals New york academy of sciences Volume 175, Issue 1, pages 660–672, July 1970

Comments:
"Brooding in this genus"- At sexual maturity the gametes are passively released from the plants through the extrusion papillae or more commonly through ruptures in the cell wall. When the gametes escape from one point in the plant, this triggers subsequent release from several points in a chain reaction. The gametes emerge in a dark green, brownish-green, or orange-green viscous fluid (Goldstein & Morrall, 1970). this is consider brooding since the gametes are not release to the water column; after release from the plants an apparent active clumping reaction is observed (Goldstein & Morrall, 1970).
Characteristic feeding method / Life stage (?)
 AdultJuvenileLarvaeEggsResting stage
PhotoautotrophXX
Mixotroph
Suspension feeder – Active
Suspension feeder – Passive
Deposit feeder – Surface
Deposit feeder – Sub-surface
Omnivore
Herbivore
Scavenger
Symbiont contribution
Planktotroph
Chemoautotroph
Predator
Grazer
Mobility / Life stage (?)
 AdultJuvenileLarvaeEggsResting stage
Swimmer
Crawler
Burrower
Drifter
Temporary attachment
Permanent attachmentXX
Borer


References (not structured):
Coppejans E, Leliaert F, Dargent O, De Clekck O (2001) Marine green algae (Chlorophyta) from the north coast of Papua New Guinea. Cryptogamie Algologie 22: 375- 443

Menez, Ernani G., and Hilconida P. Calumpong. The Genus Caulerpa from Central Visayas, Philippines. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, number 17, 21 pages, 2 figures, 3 plates, 1982

Comments:
bearing laxly branched rhizoids at the ends. (Menez et al. 1982).
The branchelts grouped in series of 5 (6) with larger basal ramuli, gradually decreasing towards the distal part of the series, resulting more or less to a pine-tree silhouet (Coppejans et al. 2001)
Salinity tolerance range (?) Not entered
Habitat modifying ability potential (?) OLD VALUE

References:
Amat, Jaen Nieto; Frederico Cardigos and Ricardo Serrão Santos (2008) The recent northern introduction of the seaweed Caulerpa webbiana (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in Faial, Azores Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic). Aquatic Invasions (2008)

Comments:
--/OLD VALUE/--
Perennial habitat former

A fixed transect installed in 2005 enabled to quantify the increased density of colonies, which revealed a growth from 0.23 m2 (November 2005) to 5 m2 area (November 2007).
C. webbiana was commonly seen “sharing” the same substratum with other introduced species, usually Asparagopsis spp. and Distaplia corolla (Amat et al. 2008).
Toxicity / Life stage (?) Unknown
Bioaccumulation association (?) Not entered
Known human health impact? Not entered
Known economic impact? Not entered
Known measurable environmental impact? Not entered
Included in the Target Species list? Not entered
Association with vessel vectors (?) Biofouling

References:
Amat Jaen Nieto, Frederico Cardigos, Ricardo Serrão Santos (2008) The recent northern introduction of the seaweed Caulerpa webbiana (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in Faial, Azores Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic). Aquatic Invasions (2008)
Cardigos F, Tempera F, Ávila S, Gonçalves J, Colaço A, Santos RS (2006) Non-indigenous marine species of the Azores. Helgoland Marine Research 60: 160-169. Volume 3, Issue 4: 417-422
Santos RS, Hawkins S, Monteiro LR, Alves M, Isidro EJ (1995) Marine research, resources and conservation in the Azores. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 5 (4): 311-354

Comments:
The author Cardigos et al. (2006) suggest boat hulls or rafting as probable vectors for the introduction of C. webbiana.
But Amat et al. 2008 affirms that C. webbiana most probably did not arrived to the archipelago by rafting vectors (or natural dispersal) since the species is only localized inside and in some parts outside Faial Harbaour, being the most probable theory the biofouling vector. Although the Anthropogenic activities are the main cause of introduction, the climate change can be responsible to the establishment of this species in this Region (Amat et al.2008).
If C. webbiana had arrived by rafting, it would not be an introduced case but a natural dispersal one. C. webbiana would then certainly have been found elsewhere around Faial coast and on other Azorean islands; as it happened with other organisms that arrived through the complex system of currents – accompanied by episodic anomalies – that surrounds this archipelago located in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean (Santos et al. 1995).
Molecular information Available

Amat, Jaen Nieto; Frederico Cardigos and Ricardo Serrão Santos (2008) The recent northern introduction of the seaweed Caulerpa webbiana (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) in Faial, Azores Islands (North-Eastern Atlantic). Aquatic Invasions (2008)
Famà P, Wysor B, Kooistra WHCF, Zuccarello GC (2002) MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS CAULERPA (CAULERPALES, CHLOROPHYTA) INFERRED FROM CHLOROPLAST tufA GENE1. Journal of Phycology, 38: 1040–1050. doi: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.t01-1-01237.x

Comments:
This includes support for the basal phylogenetic position of C. paspaloides and C. lanuginosa and the placement of C. webbiana as the sister taxon of the most derived clade. (Famà et al. 2002)
C. webbiana was sister to the most derived clade (88% bootstrap support), whereas in the ML tree it was sister to C. cupressoides and C. serrulata, although this relationship lacked good bootstrap support. (Famà et al. 2002)

In Azores Archipelago the need for further studies is necessary to assess genetic information on this species.
Genetic analysis is in process and may help to elucidate the origin and geographic affinities of the Azorean colonies of C. webbiana (Amat et al. 2008)
Last update byAleksas Narščius, 2012-10-08