First observed: 1858 (Luther 1979)
Taxon: Characea
Origin: West Europe (inland waters)
Vector of introduction: shipping
Distribution in the Baltic Sea: Baltic Proper, Gulf of Riga, Kattegat and Belt Sea, Odra Lagoon
Species status: established
Salinity in native habitats: Limnetic (Paavola et al. 2005; eNature.com 2005)
Salinity in the Baltic Sea: Limnetic (Blumel et al. 2002; Wallentinus 2002; Luther 1979; Blindow 2000; Torn et al. 2004)
Ecofunctional group: macrophytes
Ecological impact: benthic-pelagic interaction (Kufel, Kufel 2002), competition (Kufel, Kufel 2002), food-prey (Kotta et al. 2004)
Impact on uses/resources: -References:
Blindow I. 2000. Distribution of charophytes along the Swedish coast in relation to salinity and eutrophication. International Review of Hydrobiology, 85(5-6): 707-717.
Blumel C., Schubert M., Steinhart T. & Schubert H. 2002. Macrophytes in general. In: Characterisation of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem (CHARM). First annual report (1 December 2001 - 30 November 2002)
Characterisation of the Baltic Sea Ecosystem (CHARM): 21p.
Kotta J., Torn K., Martin G., Orav-Kotta H., Paalme T. 2004. Seasonal variation in invertebrate grazing on Chara connivens and C. tomentosa in Koiguste Bay, NE Baltic Sea. Helgol Mar Res 58: 71-76
Kufel L., Kufel I. 2002. Chara beds acting as nutrient sinks in shallow lakes - a review. Aquatic Botany, 72(3-4): 249-260.
Luther H. 1979. Chara connivens in the Baltic Sea area. Ann. Bot. Fennici, 16: 141-150.
Paavola M., A. Olenin, E. Leppakoski 2005. Are invasive species most successful in habitats of low native species richness across European brackish water seas? Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 64: 738-750.
Torn K., Martin G., Kukk H., Trei T. 2004. Seasonal variation in invertebrate grazing on Chara connivens and C. tomentosa in Koiguste Bay, NE Baltic Sea. Sci. Mar. 68(suppl.1): 129-136
Wallentinus I. 2002. Introduced marine algae and vascular plants in European aquatic environments. In: Leppakoski E., Gollasch S. and Olenin S.(eds), Invasive Aquatic species of Europe - distribution impacts and management. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London: 27-52.
eNature.com 2005. Biodiversity Action Plan. In: English Nature (http://www.english-nature.org.uk/baps/species/search.asp). Accessed 03/11/2005
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